owl purdue chicago

Chicago Manual Style (CMS) Citation Introduction
Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar,
usage, and documentation. The material in this resource focuses primarily on the two CMS documentation styles:
the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those in literature, history, and the arts, and the Author-Date
System, which is preferred in the sciences.

Notes and Bibliography in Chicago Style

The Chicago NB system is often used in the humanities and provides writers with a system for referencing their
sources through footnote or endnote citation in their writing and through bibliography pages. NB system is most
commonly used in the discipline of History.

The proper use of the NB system can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or
accidental un-credited use of source material created by others. Most importantly, properly using the NB system builds
credibility by demonstrating accountability to source material.

Introduction to Notes

In the Chicago Notes-Bibliography (NB) system, you should include a note (footnote) each time you use a source,
whether through a direct quote or through a paraphrase. Footnotes will be added at the end of the page on which the
source is referenced.

A superscript number corresponding to a note with the bibliographic information for that source should be placed in the
text, following the end of the sentence in which the source is referenced.

The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source. If you cite the same source
again, the note need only include the surname of the author, the title (or a shortened form of the title) and page
number(s) cited.

If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the
corresponding note should use the word ‘Ibid.,’ an abbreviated form of the Latin ‘ibidem,’ which means ‘in the same
place.’ If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use ‘Ibid.’ followed by a
comma and the new page number(s).

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the Notes-Bibliography System, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work.
This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work, preceding the index. It should
include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but
provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles,
websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword
may be used instead.

Common Elements: All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title,
and date of publication. Author’s Names: The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name
first and separating the last name and first name with a comma, for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.
(If an author is not listed first, this applies to compilers, translators, etc.) Titles: Titles of books and journals are
italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks. Publication Information: The year
of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name. Punctuation: In a bibliography, all major elements are
separated by periods.

Bibliography

Schiller, Karen, Steve Gooch, Laurie Pinkert and Allen Brizee. “Chicago Manual Style,” Purdue Online Writing Lab, last
modified July 20, 2010, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/.

Chicago Manual of Style Footnotes

A Brief Guide to Chicago Manual of Style Endnotes

Endnotes demonstrate your familiarity with primary and secondary sources. They signal shifts
between the authors’ opinions and engagement with sources. Precise notes are important to show
readers when you switch from one source to another. Remember that footnotes simply prove your
engagement and mastery over the material and highlight the structure and strength of a thorough
analysis. Have fun with this and thank you for your submission.
• Where to Use an Endnote - Even when paraphrasing, at least one endnote with a short page
range is required at the end of each paragraph.
• Direct Quotes - For a direct quote, the exact page number must be given and quotation marks
used. First entries must be fully documented as shown below(author’s First name last name
comma, Title (italicized if a book) space in parentheses (City of Publication colon two spaces
publisher comma year published) comma page number period.
• Using Ibid. - Subsequent entries may list only the author’s last name followed by the page
number and closed with a period. More than one source may be referenced in one footnote
separated by a semicolon instead of ending with a period. If you cite the same source
consecutively, simply write Ibid., (Ibid period comma) followed by the page number and
a period. Chicago bibliography style is different from endnotes and a bibliography is not
required for projects like this one.
• Inserting an Endnote in Microsoft Word - Place the cursor where you wish the footnote:
immediately after the quotation mark on a direct quote, at the end of a sentence, or at the end
of a paragraph for a paraphrase. Next select References on your toolbar, then Insert Endnote.
Your cursor will then go to the end of the document where you may then type the endnote. For
more detail see The Chicago Manual of Style by Kate Turabian or, a good citation website at:
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/, or http://owl.english.purdue.edu/.

Sample Endnotes (Do not use bolded headings in endnotes)

Book
¹ J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, Letters from an American Farmer: describing certain provincial situations, manners,
and customs, and conveying some idea of the state of the people of North America. / Written to a friend in England, by
J. Hector St. John, a farmer in Pennsylvania [microform], (Philadelphia: From the Press of Matthew Carey, March 4,
MDCCXCIII [1793]), 15.
Document in an Edited Anthology –
²James F. Rusling, Across America, 1866-1867, (New York: Sheldon, 1874), 225-26, 300-18 in Reading the American
Past: Selected Historical Documents, Volume II: From 1865, 3rd Edition, ed. Michael P. Johnson (Boston: Bedford/St.
Martin’s, 2005), 41-45.
Web-based Source
³“Contrat de marriage entre Étienne Trottier Desauniers et Catherine Charet,” (Charest), 8 novembre 1745, PISTARD,
Cote: CR301,P2587, Centre: Québec in PISTARD Database Online, http://pistard.banq.qc.ca [accessed January 29,
2008].
4Ibid., 1; Douglass, 3; Rusling in Johnson, 42.
Book
5Steven C. Eames, Rustic Warriors: Warfare and the Provincial Soldier on the New England Frontier, 1689-1748 (New
York: New York University Press, 2011), 33-40.
Article
6Kevin Gladysz and Ken Hamilton, “French Knives in North America, Part III: Boucheron Knives,” Journal of the Early
Americas, Vol. I, Issue 6 (December 2011/January 2012): 6-17.

owl purdue apa works

Welcome tothe Purdue OWL

This page ie brought to you by the OWL at Purdue
 english. purdue. edu/). When printing this page, you must
include the entire legal notice at bortom.

Co11tributors:Elizabet]1 Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael
Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russe11Keck.
Summary:

APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources
within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second
printing ofthe APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research
papers,  citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more

infonnatíon, please consult The Publication Manual ofthe American Psychological
Association, 6th edition, second printing.

General Format

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.

To see a side­by-side comparison ofthe three most widely used citation styles,
including a chart of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Sfïle Chart.

General APA Guidelines

Your essay should be typed, doub1e­spaeed on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with
1" margins on all sides. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.

Include a page header at the top of every page. To create a page header, insert page
numbers flush right. Then type “TITLE OF YOUR PAPER." in the header flush left.

Major Paper Sections

Your essay should include four major Sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body,
and References.

Title Page

The title page should Contain the title ofthe paper, the author's name, and the

institutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) Ílush left with the

page number flush right at the top ofthe page. Please note that on the title page, your
page header should look like this:

Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER

Pages after the title page should have a 1'unn1`ng head that looks like this:

TITLE OF YOUR PAPER

After consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the
APA 6th edition sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages Y
after the title page. This  will take to you the APA site where you can Íind a
complete list of all the errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper haii` ofthe page.
APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 `Words in length and that it should
not contain abbreviations or Words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one
or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-
spaced.

Beneath the title, type the auth0r's name: frst name, middle in:itia1(s), and last name.
Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (Ph.D.).

Beneath the autho1"s name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate
the location Where the auth0r(s) conducted the research.

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already inciude the page header
(described above). On the frst line ofthe abstract page, center the Word
“Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your
research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic,
research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You
may also include possible implications of your research and future Work you see
connected with your Íìndings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-
spaced. Your abstract should be between 15 0 and 250 Words.

You may also Want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this,
indent as you would if you Were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized),

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 ofthe Publication Manual.
What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the Works of others in your
essay.

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when
using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or
.Tones (1998) has found...

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This
means that the author'S last name and the year of publication for the source should
appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear
in the reference list at the end ofthe paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another Work but NOT directly quoting the
material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other Work, you only have to
make reference to the author and year of publication and not tbe page number in your
in­teXt reference. All Sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list
at the end ofthe paper.

In­Text Citation Capitaìization, Quotes, and ItalicsfUnderIi1:|ing

 Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. `lones.
 If you refer to the title of a source Within your paper, capitalize all Words that
are four letters long or greater Within the title of a source: Permanence and

owl purdue apa works cited sample

APA STYLE FOR CITING PRINT SOURCES

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) is the standard writing guide for psychology and other
th
disciplines in the social sciences. The information in this guide is taken from the Publication manual, 6  edition, but is not exhaustive;
if you don’t find the information and/or examples you need here, consult the full manual at the reference desk, 808.06615 P976 2010.
ALSO: The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University has created a very good guide (with many examples) to the APA style.
You can access it at: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/.

Parenthetical Citation

In the text of your paper, you must document sources from which you are quoting or paraphrasing using brief parenthetical citations
that correspond to your alphabetical list of references at the end of the paper. For direct quotations, include the author, date, and page
number. Note: If a work has no author, you must use the title for the in­text citation. If you are paraphrasing an idea from a work, the
APA guidelines do not require a page number although you are encouraged to include it.

There
Integrating the author’s name into a sentence: Walker (2000) compared reaction times . . . (p. 145)
Including the author’s name in a parenthetical citation: In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000, p. 145) . . .

For
and is used in the text while & is used in the parenthetical citation and in the Reference List.
Examples: As Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated . . . OR, As has been shown (Nightlinger & Littlewood, 1989) . . .
For works with more than 2 authors or with corporate authors, refer to the Publication Manual, section 6.12.

The alphabetical list of references appears at the end of the paper. Each reference in your list must be cited in the text of your paper
and each citation in your paper must be included in your reference list. Center the title, References (Reference, if there is only one) at
the top of the page. Double­space all reference entries and double­space between the title and the first reference in the list. Begin each
entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line(s).

For the reference list, in titles of books and periodical articles, capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper
nouns; in titles of periodicals (e.g., journals, magazines, newspapers), capitalize each significant word of the title. Give the name of
the publisher in as brief a form as is understandable, omitting unnecessary words, such as Publishers, Co., and Inc., but retaining the
words Books and Press. See examples below.

Citing a Book with an Author(s) or Editor(s):

Author/Editor's Last Name, Author/Editor’s Initial(s). (Ed. or Eds. if edited book with no author) (Publication

year). Title [in italics] (Edition ­ if given). Place of publication: Publisher.

Iyengar, S.

Galvin, K. M., & Cooper, P. J. (Eds.). (2006). Making connections: Readings in relational communication (4th

ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Wolfe, D. A., Jaffe, P. G., & Crooks, C. V. (2006). Adolescent risk behaviors: Why teens experiment and

strategies to

Citing an Edited Book that also has an Author(s):

Author’s Last Name, Author’s Initial(s). (Publication year). Title [in italics]. (Editor’s Initials, Editor’s Last

Name, Ed.). Place of publication: Publisher.

Plath, S. (2000). Journals of Sylvia Plath, 1950­1962. (K. V. Kukil, Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.

Citing a Book with no Author or Editor:

Title [in italics] (Edition ­ if given). (Publication year). Place of publication: Publisher.

Merriam­Webster's collegiate

Citing an Entry from a Multi­Volume Work, such as an Encyclopedia:

Author

Name (Ed.) ­ if given, Title of encyclopedia or other multi­volume work [in italics]. (Edition ­ if given,

Volume

Huang, J. S., & Patrick, K. (2008). Child obesity programs. In K. Keller (Ed.), Encyclopedia of obesity. (Vol.

1, pp. 136­139). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Psychosurgery. (2004). In Encyclopedia americana. (International ed., Vol. 22, p. 733). Danbury, CT:

Scholastic Library.

Citing an Article or Chapter in an Edited Book:

Author of

and Last Name (Ed.), Title [in italics] (pages of chapter). Place of publication: Publisher.

Burke, R. J. (2006). Workaholism. In T. G. Plante (Ed.), Mental disorders of the new millennium (pp. 171­192).

Westport, CT: Praeger.

Citing a Book with a Corporate Author:

Corporate author. (Publication year). Title [in italics] (Edition – if given). Place of publication: Publisher.

American Psychological Association. (2001). Thesaurus of psychological index terms (9th ed.). Washington,

DC: Author.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2008). Occupational outlook handbook, 2008­

2009. (Library Ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Note: When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher; see first example.

Citing a Scholarly Journal or Popular Magazine Article:

Author’s Last Name, Author’s Initial(s). (Publication year, Month and day – if given for magazines). Title of

article. Title of Journal or Magazine [in italics], volume number [in italics], (issue number for journals or

magazines paginated by issue), pages.

Fata, C. (2009, May­June). Double heartbreak: Do mental scars deserve military decoration? Psychology

Today, 42(3), 26.

Morgan, G. S., Wisneski, D. C., & Skitka, L. J. (2011). The expulsion from disneyland: The social

psychological impact of 9/11. American Psychologist, 66(6), 447­447­454.

Author of article’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Publication year, Month and day­ if given). Title of article. Title of

newspaper [in italics], pages [if not continuous, give all page numbers separated by a comma].

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

owl purdue apa works cited

Source: “the owl” at Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue/edu

Writing Question of the Week

Here's our writing question of the week, brought to you by the Online Writing Lab Tutors here at Purdue.
I'm writing my thesis and I found some information from websites. Could you please help me as to how to cite them
in the reference section?

Here's the answer. : Citing electronic sources such as websites, just like citing any other source, depends on
choosing and following the appropriate guidelines for the discipline in which you are writing.

Each discipline has specific guidelines for how to cite sources and format papers. These guidelines are explained in
a style manual or style guide. Examples of style manuals include the, MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly
Publishing, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and the Chicago Manual of Style.

How do you choose the appropriate style manual for formatting your thesis or paper? One of the best things to do is
to ask your adviser or instructor for guidelines; they should be able to tell you which style you should be using for
citation and formatting. Our OWL also has a partial list of style manuals and websites that explain these styles for
various disciplines at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_docsources.html. We also have a handout
just on citing electronic sources at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_docelectric.html. You can
choose the appropriate style from the list and find links to some websites that explain how to cite electronic sources
in that style.

Here are some brief guidelines for citing information from websites in two of the more popular citation styles.
When creating a citation, it's important to give as much information about the source as you can, so that people can
retrieve your information later. Since information on the web can be removed or the address changed, it's important
to indicate when you retrieved the information in case it turns up missing later.

Modern Language Association (MLA) style

Author(s). Name of Page. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site. Date of
Access.

For example:

Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue University. 15 November 2000.
<http://omni.cc.purdue.edu%7Efelluga/theory2.html>.

For more information about MLA style, see their page at visit our OWL handout on MLA style at http://
owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html

American Psychological Association (APA) style

Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

For example:

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles:
Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute
for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html.

For more information about this, see the new official APA style website's guide to citing electronic media (from
which these examples were taken) at http://www.apastyle.org/elecgeneral.html. We're currently revising our OWL's
APA handout to match the new guidelines in the 5th edition of their style manual, and we'll let you know when
we're done with that update.

apa purdue owl headings

Taken from Purdue Owl website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to
describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found..

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's

last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a

complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making

reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of

publication in your in-text reference.

In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining

•Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.

•If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or

greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that

are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to
Lose.

•(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)

•When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born
Cyborgs.

•Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's
Vertigo."

•Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television
series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.

•

Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited

collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible

Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

.
Short Quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the

page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes

the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p.

199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the

page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," but she did not offer an explanation as

to why (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Long Quotations

Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit

quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the

entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the

quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation

should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following: 
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially

when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many

students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or Paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year

of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number

(although it is not required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.


APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

-------------------------------------

Taken from Purdue Owl website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/

Citing an Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you

cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the

parentheses.

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time

you cite the source.

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in

parentheses.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or

use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of

articles and chapters are in quotation marks.

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous,

2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the

organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the

source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more

works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same

author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list.

Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication,

cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the

communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal

communication, November 3, 2002).

-------------------------------

Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the

secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Note:When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above.

Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or

the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring

("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers

find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the ¶ symbol,

or the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, ¶ 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If

the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and

specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can

use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with

different pagination.