tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37671138974862021102024-03-13T22:16:48.963-07:00Owl purdueAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-78505312977107638322013-02-01T11:09:00.002-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.637-08:00owl purdue chicagoChicago Manual Style (CMS) Citation Introduction<br />
Introduction<br />
<br />
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar,<br />
usage, and documentation. The material in this resource focuses primarily on the two CMS documentation styles:<br />
the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those in literature, history, and the arts, and the Author-Date<br />
System, which is preferred in the sciences.<br />
<br />
Notes and Bibliography in Chicago Style<br />
<br />
The Chicago NB system is often used in the humanities and provides writers with a system for referencing their<br />
sources through footnote or endnote citation in their writing and through bibliography pages. NB system is most<br />
commonly used in the discipline of History.<br />
<br />
The proper use of the NB system can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or<br />
accidental un-credited use of source material created by others. Most importantly, properly using the NB system builds<br />
credibility by demonstrating accountability to source material.<br />
<br />
Introduction to Notes<br />
<br />
In the Chicago Notes-Bibliography (NB) system, you should include a note (footnote) each time you use a source,<br />
whether through a direct quote or through a paraphrase. Footnotes will be added at the end of the page on which the<br />
source is referenced.<br />
<br />
A superscript number corresponding to a note with the bibliographic information for that source should be placed in the<br />
text, following the end of the sentence in which the source is referenced.<br />
<br />
The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source. If you cite the same source<br />
again, the note need only include the surname of the author, the title (or a shortened form of the title) and page<br />
number(s) cited.<br />
<br />
If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the<br />
corresponding note should use the word ‘Ibid.,’ an abbreviated form of the Latin ‘ibidem,’ which means ‘in the same<br />
place.’ If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use ‘Ibid.’ followed by a<br />
comma and the new page number(s).<br />
<br />
Introduction to Bibliographies<br />
<br />
In the Notes-Bibliography System, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work.<br />
This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work, preceding the index. It should<br />
include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but<br />
provide further reading.<br />
<br />
Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles,<br />
websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword<br />
may be used instead.<br />
<br />
Common Elements: All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title,<br />
and date of publication. Author’s Names: The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name<br />
first and separating the last name and first name with a comma, for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.<br />
(If an author is not listed first, this applies to compilers, translators, etc.) Titles: Titles of books and journals are<br />
italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks. Publication Information: The year<br />
of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name. Punctuation: In a bibliography, all major elements are<br />
separated by periods.<br />
<br />
Bibliography<br />
<br />
Schiller, Karen, Steve Gooch, Laurie Pinkert and Allen Brizee. “Chicago Manual Style,” Purdue Online Writing Lab, last<br />
modified July 20, 2010, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-11685217519208171942013-02-01T11:09:00.000-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.627-08:00Chicago Manual of Style FootnotesA Brief Guide to Chicago Manual of Style Endnotes<br /><br />Endnotes demonstrate your familiarity with primary and secondary sources. They signal shifts<br />between the authors’ opinions and engagement with sources. Precise notes are important to show<br />readers when you switch from one source to another. Remember that footnotes simply prove your<br />engagement and mastery over the material and highlight the structure and strength of a thorough<br />analysis. Have fun with this and thank you for your submission.<br />• Where to Use an Endnote - Even when paraphrasing, at least one endnote with a short page<br />range is required at the end of each paragraph.<br />• Direct Quotes - For a direct quote, the exact page number must be given and quotation marks<br />used. First entries must be fully documented as shown below(author’s First name last name<br />comma, Title (italicized if a book) space in parentheses (City of Publication colon two spaces<br />publisher comma year published) comma page number period.<br />• Using Ibid. - Subsequent entries may list only the author’s last name followed by the page<br />number and closed with a period. More than one source may be referenced in one footnote<br />separated by a semicolon instead of ending with a period. If you cite the same source<br />consecutively, simply write Ibid., (Ibid period comma) followed by the page number and<br />a period. Chicago bibliography style is different from endnotes and a bibliography is not<br />required for projects like this one.<br />• Inserting an Endnote in Microsoft Word - Place the cursor where you wish the footnote:<br />immediately after the quotation mark on a direct quote, at the end of a sentence, or at the end<br />of a paragraph for a paraphrase. Next select References on your toolbar, then Insert Endnote.<br />Your cursor will then go to the end of the document where you may then type the endnote. For<br />more detail see The Chicago Manual of Style by Kate Turabian or, a good citation website at:<br />http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/, or http://owl.english.purdue.edu/.<br /><br />Sample Endnotes (Do not use bolded headings in endnotes)<br /><br />Book<br />¹ J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, Letters from an American Farmer: describing certain provincial situations, manners,<br />and customs, and conveying some idea of the state of the people of North America. / Written to a friend in England, by<br />J. Hector St. John, a farmer in Pennsylvania [microform], (Philadelphia: From the Press of Matthew Carey, March 4,<br />MDCCXCIII [1793]), 15.<br />Document in an Edited Anthology –<br />²James F. Rusling, Across America, 1866-1867, (New York: Sheldon, 1874), 225-26, 300-18 in Reading the American<br />Past: Selected Historical Documents, Volume II: From 1865, 3rd Edition, ed. Michael P. Johnson (Boston: Bedford/St.<br />Martin’s, 2005), 41-45.<br />Web-based Source<br />³“Contrat de marriage entre Étienne Trottier Desauniers et Catherine Charet,” (Charest), 8 novembre 1745, PISTARD,<br />Cote: CR301,P2587, Centre: Québec in PISTARD Database Online, http://pistard.banq.qc.ca [accessed January 29,<br />2008].<br />4Ibid., 1; Douglass, 3; Rusling in Johnson, 42.<br />Book<br />5Steven C. Eames, Rustic Warriors: Warfare and the Provincial Soldier on the New England Frontier, 1689-1748 (New<br />York: New York University Press, 2011), 33-40.<br />Article<br />6Kevin Gladysz and Ken Hamilton, “French Knives in North America, Part III: Boucheron Knives,” Journal of the Early<br />Americas, Vol. I, Issue 6 (December 2011/January 2012): 6-17.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-83998232673996871452013-02-01T11:04:00.000-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.638-08:00MLA Works Cited Page: Basic FormatAccording to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the<br />
Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text.<br />
<br />
•Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the<br />
same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper.<br />
•Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and<br />
center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.<br />
•Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.<br />
•Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations five spaces so that you create a hanging indent.<br />
•List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on<br />
pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50.<br />
<br />
Additional Basic Rules New to MLA 2009<br />
<br />
•For every entry, you must determine the Medium of Publication. Most entries will likely be listed as<br />
Print or Web sources, but other possibilities may include Film, CD-ROM, or DVD.<br />
<br />
•Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries. However, if your instructor or<br />
publisher insists on them, include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period. For<br />
long URLs, break lines only at slashes. (SJHS note: Your instructors do want them.)<br />
<br />
•If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you<br />
retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in italics. You do not<br />
need to provide subscription information in addition to the database name.<br />
<br />
Capitalization and Punctuation<br />
<br />
•Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles (the, an),<br />
prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the<br />
Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.<br />
<br />
•New to MLA 2009: Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books,<br />
magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)<br />
<br />
Citing an Entire Web Site<br />
<br />
It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available on one date may no<br />
longer be available later. Be sure to include the complete address for the site.<br />
<br />
Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given.<br />
<br />
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization<br />
affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available). Medium of<br />
publication. Date of access.<br />
<br />
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 23 Apr. 2008.<br />
<br />
Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006.<br />
<br />
A Page on a Web Site<br />
<br />
For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information covered above for entire Web<br />
sites. Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given.<br />
<br />
"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2009.<br />
<br />
(quoted from the OWL Purdue)Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-38137674889136614762013-02-01T11:01:00.001-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.631-08:00owl purdue apa worksWelcome tothe Purdue OWL <br /><br />This page ie brought to you by the OWL at Purdue <br /> english. purdue. edu/). When printing this page, you must <br />include the entire legal notice at bortom. <br /><br />Co11tributors:Elizabet]1 Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael <br />Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russe11Keck. <br />Summary:<br /><br />APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources <br />within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second <br />printing ofthe APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research <br />papers, citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more <br /><br />infonnatíon, please consult The Publication Manual ofthe American Psychological <br />Association, 6th edition, second printing. <br /><br />General Format<br /><br />Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA. <br /><br />To see a sideby-side comparison ofthe three most widely used citation styles, <br />including a chart of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Sfïle Chart. <br /><br />General APA Guidelines <br /><br />Your essay should be typed, doub1espaeed on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with <br />1" margins on all sides. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. <br /><br />Include a page header at the top of every page. To create a page header, insert page <br />numbers flush right. Then type “TITLE OF YOUR PAPER." in the header flush left. <br /><br />Major Paper Sections <br /><br />Your essay should include four major Sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, <br />and References. <br /><br />Title Page <br /><br />The title page should Contain the title ofthe paper, the author's name, and the <br /><br />institutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) Ílush left with the <br /><br />page number flush right at the top ofthe page. Please note that on the title page, your <br />page header should look like this:<br />
<br />
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER <br /><br />Pages after the title page should have a 1'unn1`ng head that looks like this: <br /><br />TITLE OF YOUR PAPER <br /><br />After consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the <br />APA 6th edition sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages Y <br />after the title page. This will take to you the APA site where you can Íind a <br />complete list of all the errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide. <br /><br />Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper haii` ofthe page. <br />APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 `Words in length and that it should <br />not contain abbreviations or Words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one <br />or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-<br />spaced. <br /><br />Beneath the title, type the auth0r's name: frst name, middle in:itia1(s), and last name. <br />Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (Ph.D.). <br /><br />Beneath the autho1"s name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate<br />the location Where the auth0r(s) conducted the research.<br />
<br />
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already inciude the page header <br />(described above). On the frst line ofthe abstract page, center the Word <br />“Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks). <br /><br />Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your <br />research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, <br />research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You <br />may also include possible implications of your research and future Work you see <br />connected with your Íìndings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-<br />spaced. Your abstract should be between 15 0 and 250 Words. <br /><br />You may also Want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, <br />indent as you would if you Were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized),<br />
<br />
In-Text Citations: The Basics <br /><br />Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 ofthe Publication Manual. <br />What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the Works of others in your <br />essay. <br /><br />Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when <br />using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or <br />.Tones (1998) has found... <br /><br />APA Citation Basics <br /><br />When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This <br />means that the author'S last name and the year of publication for the source should <br />appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear <br />in the reference list at the end ofthe paper. <br /><br />If you are referring to an idea from another Work but NOT directly quoting the <br />material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other Work, you only have to <br />make reference to the author and year of publication and not tbe page number in your <br />inteXt reference. All Sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list <br />at the end ofthe paper. <br /><br />InText Citation Capitaìization, Quotes, and ItalicsfUnderIi1:|ing <br /><br /> Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. `lones. <br /> If you refer to the title of a source Within your paper, capitalize all Words that <br />are four letters long or greater Within the title of a source: Permanence andAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-85869518448384283862013-02-01T10:54:00.002-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.640-08:00owl purdue apa works cited sample<b>APA STYLE FOR CITING PRINT SOURCES <br /><br />The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) is the standard writing guide for psychology and other <br />th <br />disciplines in the social sciences. The information in this guide is taken from the Publication manual, 6 edition, but is not exhaustive; <br />if you don’t find the information and/or examples you need here, consult the full manual at the reference desk, 808.06615 P976 2010. <br />ALSO: The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University has created a very good guide (with many examples) to the APA style. <br />You can access it at: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/. <br /><br />Parenthetical Citation<br /><br />In the text of your paper, you must document sources from which you are quoting or paraphrasing using brief parenthetical citations <br />that correspond to your alphabetical list of references at the end of the paper. For direct quotations, include the author, date, and page <br />number. Note: If a work has no author, you must use the title for the intext citation. If you are paraphrasing an idea from a work, the <br />APA guidelines do not require a page number although you are encouraged to include it. <br /><br />There<br />Integrating the author’s name into a sentence: Walker (2000) compared reaction times . . . (p. 145) <br />Including the author’s name in a parenthetical citation: In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000, p. 145) . . . <br /><br />For<br />and is used in the text while & is used in the parenthetical citation and in the Reference List. <br />Examples: As Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated . . . OR, As has been shown (Nightlinger & Littlewood, 1989) . . . <br />For works with more than 2 authors or with corporate authors, refer to the Publication Manual, section 6.12. <br /><br />The alphabetical list of references appears at the end of the paper. Each reference in your list must be cited in the text of your paper <br />and each citation in your paper must be included in your reference list. Center the title, References (Reference, if there is only one) at <br />the top of the page. Doublespace all reference entries and doublespace between the title and the first reference in the list. Begin each <br />entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line(s). <br /><br />For the reference list, in titles of books and periodical articles, capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper <br />nouns; in titles of periodicals (e.g., journals, magazines, newspapers), capitalize each significant word of the title. Give the name of <br />the publisher in as brief a form as is understandable, omitting unnecessary words, such as Publishers, Co., and Inc., but retaining the <br />words Books and Press. See examples below. <br /><br />Citing a Book with an Author(s) or Editor(s): <br /><br />Author/Editor's Last Name, Author/Editor’s Initial(s). (Ed. or Eds. if edited book with no author) (Publication <br /><br />year). Title [in italics] (Edition if given). Place of publication: Publisher. <br /><br />Iyengar, S.<br /><br />Galvin, K. M., & Cooper, P. J. (Eds.). (2006). Making connections: Readings in relational communication (4th <br /><br />ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. <br /><br />Wolfe, D. A., Jaffe, P. G., & Crooks, C. V. (2006). Adolescent risk behaviors: Why teens experiment and <br /><br />strategies to<br /><br />Citing an Edited Book that also has an Author(s): <br /><br />Author’s Last Name, Author’s Initial(s). (Publication year). Title [in italics]. (Editor’s Initials, Editor’s Last <br /><br />Name, Ed.). Place of publication: Publisher. <br /><br />Plath, S. (2000). Journals of Sylvia Plath, 19501962. (K. V. Kukil, Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor. <br /><br />Citing a Book with no Author or Editor: <br /><br />Title [in italics] (Edition if given). (Publication year). Place of publication: Publisher. <br /><br />MerriamWebster's collegiate<br /><br />Citing an Entry from a MultiVolume Work, such as an Encyclopedia: <br /><br />Author<br /><br />Name (Ed.) if given, Title of encyclopedia or other multivolume work [in italics]. (Edition if given, <br /><br />Volume<br /><br />Huang, J. S., & Patrick, K. (2008). Child obesity programs. In K. Keller (Ed.), Encyclopedia of obesity. (Vol. <br /><br />1, pp. 136139). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. <br /><br />Psychosurgery. (2004). In Encyclopedia americana. (International ed., Vol. 22, p. 733). Danbury, CT: <br /><br />Scholastic Library. <br /><br />Citing an Article or Chapter in an Edited Book: <br /><br />Author of<br /><br />and Last Name (Ed.), Title [in italics] (pages of chapter). Place of publication: Publisher. <br /><br />Burke, R. J. (2006). Workaholism. In T. G. Plante (Ed.), Mental disorders of the new millennium (pp. 171192). <br /><br />Westport, CT: Praeger. <br /><br />Citing a Book with a Corporate Author: <br /><br />Corporate author. (Publication year). Title [in italics] (Edition – if given). Place of publication: Publisher. <br /><br />American Psychological Association. (2001). Thesaurus of psychological index terms (9th ed.). Washington, <br /><br />DC: Author. <br /><br />U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2008). Occupational outlook handbook, 2008 <br /><br />2009. (Library Ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. <br /><br />Note: When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher; see first example. <br /><br />Citing a Scholarly Journal or Popular Magazine Article: <br /><br />Author’s Last Name, Author’s Initial(s). (Publication year, Month and day – if given for magazines). Title of <br /><br />article. Title of Journal or Magazine [in italics], volume number [in italics], (issue number for journals or <br /><br />magazines paginated by issue), pages. <br /><br />Fata, C. (2009, MayJune). Double heartbreak: Do mental scars deserve military decoration? Psychology <br /><br />Today, 42(3), 26. <br /><br />Morgan, G. S., Wisneski, D. C., & Skitka, L. J. (2011). The expulsion from disneyland: The social <br /><br />psychological impact of 9/11. American Psychologist, 66(6), 447447454. <br /><br />Author of article’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Publication year, Month and day if given). Title of article. Title of <br /><br />newspaper [in italics], pages [if not continuous, give all page numbers separated by a comma]. <br /><br />Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.</b>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-63662437867708828192013-02-01T10:52:00.000-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.634-08:00Owl Purdue Apa Works Cited BookDOCUMENTING REFERENCES IN MLA AND APA STYLE<br /><br />Two major research-writing styles are those of the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the<br />American Psychological Association (APA). MLA is most often used in language, literature, and<br />humanities such as history, art, or music. APA is used in social sciences, business, and sometimes<br />in other sciences. See T/LC handout on Using and Documenting Sources in Research Papers for<br />information on in-text citation sources within a paper in both MLA and APA. This sheet explains how<br />to set up the list of references at the end of the paper, and gives a few examples of basic entries. For<br />more complete information, see any good writer’s handbook or the official MLA and APA handbooks.<br /><br />MLA STYLE<br /><br />The MLA reference list is titled Works Cited. List all the sources you actually used in the paper,<br />alphabetized by author’s last name. Double-space the whole page, with no extra space between<br />entries. Each entry should start at the left margin; if it runs more than one line, subsequent lines<br />should be indented 5 spaces. Here are samples of common entries. Note capitalization, punctuation,<br />and the order of words and information, and compare to the APA style.<br /><br />Basic Format for a Book<br /><br />Bourdain, Anthony. Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly. New York:<br /><br />Bloomsbury, 2000.<br /><br />Book with Two Authors<br /><br />McQuade, Donald and Christine McQuade. Seeing & Writing. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000.<br /><br />Article in Monthly Magazine<br /><br />Walraff, Barbara. “What Global Language?” Atlantic Monthly Nov. 2000: 52+.<br /><br />Website<br /><br />Teaching/Learning Center. 29 March 2009. Delta College. 2 Apr. 2009. <http://www.delta.edu/~tlc>.<br /><br />For More Information:<br /><br />Modern Language Association. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York:<br /><br />MLA, 2009.<br /><br />“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The OWL at Purdue. Purdue University, 29 Mar. 2009. Web.<br /><br />American Psychological Association Style<br /><br />The APA reference list is titled References. List all the sources you actually used in the paper,<br />alphabetized by author’s last name. Single-space each entry, and double-space between entries.<br />Each entry should start at the left margin; if it runs more than one line, subsequent lines should be<br />indented 5 spaces. Here are samples of common entries. Note that APA uses less capitalization,<br />different punctuation, and a different order of words and information then MLA; compare to MLA<br />formats.<br /><br />Basic Format for a Book<br /><br />Bourdain, A. (2000). Kitchen confidential: adventures in the culinary underbelly. New York:<br />Bloomsbury.<br /><br />Book with Two Authors<br /><br />McQuade, D., & McQuade, C. (2000). Seeing & writing. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.<br /><br />Article in Monthly Magazine<br /><br />Walraff, B. (2000, November.) What global language? Atlantic monthly, 286: 52-66.<br /><br />Website<br /><br />Dewey, E. (2000). News. Teaching/Learning Center. Retrieved from http://www.delta.edu/~tlc<br /><br />For More Information<br /><br />American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological<br /><br />Association. (6th ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.<br /><br />APA formatting and style guide. (2009). The OWL at Purdue. Retrieved from<br /><br />http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-2112702824398206292013-02-01T10:49:00.002-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.630-08:00owl purdue apa works cited MLAIn-Text Citations: Author-Page Style<br /><br />MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This<br />means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from<br />which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text,<br />and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.<br />The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in<br />parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page<br />number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of<br />your sentence. For example:<br /><br />Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by<br /><br />a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).<br /><br />Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous<br /><br />overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth<br /><br />extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative<br /><br />process (263).<br /><br />The both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth<br />263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located<br />on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers<br />want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works<br />Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find<br />the following information:<br /><br />Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P.,<br />1967. Print.<br /><br />APA Citation Basics<br /><br />When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text<br />citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of<br />publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones,<br />1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at<br />the end of the paper.<br /><br />If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly<br />quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or<br />other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of<br />publication in your in-text reference.<br /><br />In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes,<br />and Italics/Underlining<br /><br />.<br /><br />Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and<br />initials: D. Jones.<br />If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize<br />all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of<br />a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short<br />words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:<br />Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.<br />(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will<br />be capitalized: Writing new media.)<br /><br />.<br /><br />.<br /><br />.<br /><br />When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated<br />compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.<br /><br />.<br /><br />Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film<br />Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."<br /><br />.<br /><br />Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books,<br />edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or<br />albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz;<br />Friends.<br /><br />.<br /><br />Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as<br />journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series<br />episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing<br />Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."<br /><br />Short Quotations<br /><br />If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the<br />author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference<br />(preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that<br />includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in<br />parentheses.<br /><br />According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty<br />using APA style, especially when it was their first time"<br />(p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty<br />using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have<br />for teachers?<br />If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last<br />name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses<br />after the quotation.<br /><br />She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA<br />style," but she did not offer an explanation as to why<br />(Jones, 1998, p. 199).<br /><br />Long Quotations<br /><br />Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block<br />of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation<br />on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the<br />entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any<br />subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new<br />margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation<br />should come after the closing punctuation mark.<br /><br />Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often<br /><br />had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was<br />their first time citing sources. This difficulty could<br />be attributed to the fact that many students failed to<br />purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help.<br />(p. 199)<br /><br />Summary or Paraphrase<br /><br />If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to<br />make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text<br />reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page<br />number (although it is not required.)<br /><br />According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult<br />citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a<br />difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones,<br />1998, p. 199).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-75732023483850716042013-02-01T10:45:00.001-08:002013-02-01T11:10:14.635-08:00owl purdue apa works citedSource: “the owl” at Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue/edu<br /><br />Writing Question of the Week<br /><br />Here's our writing question of the week, brought to you by the Online Writing Lab Tutors here at Purdue.<br />I'm writing my thesis and I found some information from websites. Could you please help me as to how to cite them<br />in the reference section?<br /><br />Here's the answer. : Citing electronic sources such as websites, just like citing any other source, depends on<br />choosing and following the appropriate guidelines for the discipline in which you are writing.<br /><br />Each discipline has specific guidelines for how to cite sources and format papers. These guidelines are explained in<br />a style manual or style guide. Examples of style manuals include the, MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly<br />Publishing, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and the Chicago Manual of Style.<br /><br />How do you choose the appropriate style manual for formatting your thesis or paper? One of the best things to do is<br />to ask your adviser or instructor for guidelines; they should be able to tell you which style you should be using for<br />citation and formatting. Our OWL also has a partial list of style manuals and websites that explain these styles for<br />various disciplines at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_docsources.html. We also have a handout<br />just on citing electronic sources at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_docelectric.html. You can<br />choose the appropriate style from the list and find links to some websites that explain how to cite electronic sources<br />in that style.<br /><br />Here are some brief guidelines for citing information from websites in two of the more popular citation styles.<br />When creating a citation, it's important to give as much information about the source as you can, so that people can<br />retrieve your information later. Since information on the web can be removed or the address changed, it's important<br />to indicate when you retrieved the information in case it turns up missing later.<br /><br />Modern Language Association (MLA) style<br /><br />Author(s). Name of Page. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site. Date of<br />Access.<br /><br />For example:<br /><br />Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue University. 15 November 2000.<br /><http://omni.cc.purdue.edu%7Efelluga/theory2.html>.<br /><br />For more information about MLA style, see their page at visit our OWL handout on MLA style at http://<br />owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html<br /><br />American Psychological Association (APA) style<br /><br />Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.<br /><br />For example:<br /><br />Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles:<br />Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute<br />for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html.<br /><br />For more information about this, see the new official APA style website's guide to citing electronic media (from<br />which these examples were taken) at http://www.apastyle.org/elecgeneral.html. We're currently revising our OWL's<br />APA handout to match the new guidelines in the 5th edition of their style manual, and we'll let you know when<br />we're done with that update.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-59210730536756111592013-02-01T10:39:00.000-08:002013-02-01T10:39:01.019-08:00apa purdue owl headingsTaken from Purdue Owl website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/<br />
<br />
In-Text Citations: The Basics<br />
<br />
Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to<br />
describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found..<br />
<br />
APA Citation Basics<br />
<br />
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's<br />
<br />
last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a<br />
<br />
complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.<br />
<br />
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making<br />
<br />
reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of<br />
<br />
publication in your in-text reference.<br />
<br />
In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining<br />
<br />
•Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.<br />
<br />
•If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or<br />
<br />
greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that<br />
<br />
are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to<br />
Lose.<br />
<br />
•(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)<br />
<br />
•When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born<br />
Cyborgs.<br />
<br />
•Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's<br />
Vertigo."<br />
<br />
•Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television<br />
series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.<br />
<br />
•<br />
<br />
Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited<br />
<br />
collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible<br />
<br />
Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."<br />
<br />
.<br />
Short Quotations<br />
<br />
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the<br />
<br />
page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes<br />
<br />
the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.<br />
<br />
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was<br />
<br />
their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p.<br />
<br />
199); what implications does this have for teachers?<br />
<br />
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the<br />
<br />
page number in parentheses after the quotation.<br />
<br />
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," but she did not offer an explanation as<br />
<br />
to why (Jones, 1998, p. 199).<br />
<br />
Long Quotations<br />
<br />
Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit<br />
<br />
quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the<br />
<br />
entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the<br />
<br />
quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation<br />
<br />
should come after the closing punctuation mark.<br />
<br />
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially<br />
<br />
when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many<br />
<br />
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)<br />
<br />
Summary or Paraphrase<br />
<br />
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year<br />
<br />
of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number<br />
<br />
(although it is not required.)<br />
<br />
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
<br />
<br />
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).<br />
<br />
-------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Taken from Purdue Owl website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/<br />
<br />
Citing an Author or Authors<br />
<br />
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you<br />
<br />
cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the<br />
<br />
parentheses.<br />
<br />
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...<br />
<br />
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)<br />
<br />
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time<br />
<br />
you cite the source.<br />
<br />
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)<br />
<br />
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in<br />
<br />
parentheses.<br />
<br />
(Kernis et al., 1993)<br />
<br />
In et al., et should not be followed by a period.<br />
<br />
Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.<br />
<br />
Harris et al. (2001) argued...<br />
<br />
(Harris et al., 2001)<br />
<br />
Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or<br />
<br />
use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of<br />
<br />
articles and chapters are in quotation marks.<br />
<br />
A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).<br />
<br />
Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous,<br />
<br />
2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.<br />
<br />
Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the<br />
<br />
organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.<br />
<br />
According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...<br />
<br />
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the<br />
<br />
source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.<br />
<br />
First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)<br />
<br />
Second citation: (MADD, 2000)<br />
<br />
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more<br />
<br />
works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.<br />
<br />
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)<br />
<br />
Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.<br />
<br />
(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)<br />
<br />
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same<br />
<br />
author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list.<br />
<br />
Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.<br />
<br />
Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...<br />
<br />
Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication,<br />
<br />
cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the<br />
<br />
communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.<br />
<br />
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).<br />
<br />
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal<br />
<br />
communication, November 3, 2002).<br />
<br />
-------------------------------<br />
<br />
Citing Indirect Sources<br />
<br />
If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the<br />
<br />
secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.<br />
<br />
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).<br />
<br />
Note:When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above.<br />
<br />
Electronic Sources<br />
<br />
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.<br />
<br />
Kenneth (2000) explained...<br />
<br />
Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or<br />
<br />
the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").<br />
<br />
Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring<br />
<br />
("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).<br />
<br />
Sources Without Page Numbers<br />
<br />
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers<br />
<br />
find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the ¶ symbol,<br />
<br />
or the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, ¶ 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If<br />
<br />
the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and<br />
<br />
specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can<br />
<br />
use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.<br />
<br />
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).<br />
<br />
Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with<br />
<br />
different pagination.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11221479736898077445noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3767113897486202110.post-20584266102612179382013-02-01T09:58:00.002-08:002013-02-01T10:09:39.195-08:00 Information Evaluating Sources of from the Purdue OWL Web Site1. Evaluating Sources: Overview<br /><br />The world is full of information to be found--however, not all of it is valid, useful, or accurate.<br />Evaluating sources of information that you are considering using in your writing is an important step<br />in any research activity.<br /><br />The quantity of information available is so staggering that we cannot know everything about a<br />subject. For example, it's estimated that anyone attempting to research what's known about<br />depression would have to read over 100,000 studies on the subject. And there's the problem of<br />trying to decide which studies have produced reliable results.<br /><br />Similarly, for information on other topics, not only is there a huge quantity available but a very<br />uneven level of quality. You don't want to rely on the news in the headlines of sensational tabloids<br />near supermarket checkout counters, and it's just as hard to know how much to accept of what's<br />in all the books, magazines, pamphlets, newspapers, journals, brochures, web sites, and various<br />media reports that are available. People want to convince you to buy their products, agree with<br />their opinions, rely on their data, vote for their candidate, consider their perspective, or accept<br />them as experts. In short, you have to sift and make decisions all the time, and you want to make<br />responsible choices that you won't regret.<br /><br />Evaluating sources is an important skill. It's been called an art as well as work--much of which is<br />detective work. You have to decide where to look, what clues to search for, and what to accept. You<br />may be overwhelmed with too much information or too little. The temptation is to accept whatever<br />you find. But don't be tempted. Learning how to evaluate effectively is a skill you need both for<br />your course papers and your life.<br /><br />When writing research papers, you will also be evaluating sources as you search for information. You<br />will need to make decisions about what to search for, where to look, and once you've found material<br />on your topic, if it is a valid or useful source for your writing.<br /><br />2. Evaluating Bibliographic Citations<br /><br />When searching for information in library catalogues and online article databases such as<br />EbscoHost or Proquest Direct, you will first find a bibliographic citation entry. A bibliographic<br />citation provides relevant information about the author and publication as well as short summary of<br />the text.<br /><br />Before you read a source or spend time hunting for it, begin by looking at the following information<br />in the citation to evaluate whether it's worth finding or reading.<br /><br />Consider the author, the title of the work, the summary, where it is, and the timeliness of the<br />entry. You may also want to look at the keywords to see what other categories the work falls into.<br />Evaluate this information to see if it is relevant and valid for your research.<br /><br />3. Evaluation during Reading<br /><br />After you have asked yourself some questions about the source and determined that it's worth<br />your time to find and read the source, you can evaluate the material in the source as you read<br />through it.<br /><br /><br />Evaluation of Sources<br /><br />A. Read the preface--what does the author want to accomplish? Browse through the table of contents<br />and the index. This will give you an overview of the source. Is your topic covered in enough depth to be<br />helpful? If you don't find your topic discussed, try searching for some synonyms in the index.<br /><br />B. Check for a list of references or other citations that look as if they will lead you to related material<br />that would be good sources.<br /><br />C. Determine the intended audience. Are you the intended audience? Consider the tone, style, level of<br />information, and assumptions the author makes about the reader. Are they appropriate for your needs?<br /><br />D. Try to determine if the content of the source is fact, opinion, or propaganda. If you think the source is<br />offering facts, are the sources for those facts clearly indicated?<br /><br />E. Do you think there's enough evidence offered? Is the coverage comprehensive? (As you learn more and<br />more about your topic, you will notice that this gets easier as you become more of an expert.)<br /><br />F. Is the language objective or emotional?<br /><br />G. Are there broad generalizations that overstate or oversimplify the matter?<br /><br />H. Does the author use a good mix of primary and secondary sources for information?<br /><br />I. If the source is opinion, does the author offer sound reasons for adopting that stance? (Consider again<br />those questions about the author. Is this person reputable?)<br /><br />J. Check for accuracy.<br /><br />K. How timely is the source? Is the source 20 years out of date? Some information becomes dated when<br />new research is available, but other older sources of information can be quite sound 50 or 100 years later.<br /><br />L. Do some cross-checking. Can you find some of the same information given elsewhere?<br /><br />M. How credible is the author? If the document is anonymous, what do you know about the organization?<br /><br />N. Are there vague or sweeping generalizations that aren't backed up with evidence?<br /><br />O. Are arguments very one-sided with no acknowledgement of other viewpoints?<br /><br />4. Evaluating Print vs. Internet Sources<br /><br />With the advent of the World Wide Web, we are seeing a massive influx of digital texts and<br />sources. Understanding the difference between what you can find on the web and what you can find<br />in more traditional print sources is key.<br /><br />Some sources such as journal or newspaper articles can be found in both print and digital format.<br />However, much of what is found on the Internet does not have a print equivalent, and hence, has<br />low or no quality standards for publication. Understanding the difference between the types of<br /><br /><br />Evaluation of Sources<br /><br />resources available will help you evaluate what you find.<br /><br />Publication Process<br /><br />Print Sources: Traditional print sources go through an extensive publication process that includes<br />editing and article review. The process has fact-checkers, multiple reviewers, and editors to ensure<br />quality of publication.<br /><br />Internet Sources: Anyone with a computer and access to the Internet can publish a website or<br />electronic document. Most web documents do not have editors, fact-checkers, or other types of<br />reviewers.<br /><br />Authorship and Affiliations<br /><br />Print Sources: Print sources clearly indicate who the author is, what organization(s) he or she is<br />affiliated with, and when his or her work was published.<br /><br />Internet Sources: Authorship and affiliations are difficult to determine on the Internet. Some<br />sites my have author and sponsorship listed, but many do not.<br /><br />Sources and Quotations<br /><br />Print Sources: In most traditional publications, external sources of information and direct<br />quotations are clearly marked and identified.<br /><br />Internet Sources: Sources the author used or referred to in the text may not be clearly indicated<br />in an Internet source.<br /><br />Bias and Special Interests<br /><br />Print Sources: While bias certainly exists in traditional publications, printing is more expensive<br />and difficult to accomplish. Most major publishers are out to make a profit and will either not cater<br />to special interest groups or will clearly indicate when they are when they are catering to special<br />interest groups.<br /><br />Internet Sources: The purpose of the online text may be misleading. A website that appears to be<br />factual may actually be persuasive and/or deceptive.<br /><br />Author Qualifications<br /><br />Print Sources: Qualifications of an author are almost always necessary for print sources. Only<br />qualified authors are likely to have their manuscripts accepted for publication.<br /><br />Internet Sources: Even if the author and purpose of a website can be determined, the<br />qualifications of the author are not always given.<br /><br />Publication Information<br /><br />Print Sources: Publication information such as date of publication, publisher, author, and editor are<br />always clearly listed in print publications.<br /><br />Internet Sources: Dates of publication and timeliness of information are questionable on the<br />internet. Dates listed on websites could be the date posted, date updated, or a date may not be<br />listed at all.<br /><br />Legal Information<br />
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